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In the late 1980s, logic analyzers became more complex and of course even more difficult to use. For example, a multi-level tree trigger is introduced to deal with complex statements such as IF, THEN, ELSE, and so on. This type of combination triggering must be more flexible and at the same time not as easy for most users to grasp.
Logic analyzer probes are increasingly important. Probe problems occur when clips are used to hold the 16 pins on the punch element and the pins on the DIP have only 0.1†clearance. Today's logic analyzers provide hundreds of operating at 200 MHz. The signal connection on the channel is a real problem, but the adapter, clip and auxiliary claw hook are various, but the best way is to design an inexpensive test fixture. The logic analyzer is directly connected to the fixture, forming a reliable and compact s contact.
The basic orientation of today's development trend logic analyzer has found a solution in the continuous integration of computers and instruments in recent years. Beijing Deyang LA4000, 5000, LA2132 series logic analyzers focus on solving the orientation and development capabilities, that is, how the instrument moves and how to construct a distinctive structure. Guided by Microsoft's Windows interface, it is very easy to drive. Improvements in signal discovery capabilities necessarily involve changes in instrument structure. In all the data to be processed, data relating to time is emphatically treated, and different types of information are displayed in multiple windows. For example, it is best for a microprocessor to observe both timing and status and disassemble source code, and the cursors on each window are linked to each other.
Regarding triggering, it is always a problem in traditional logic analyzers. The LA4000, 5000 Series Logic Analyzers provide users with advanced triggering capabilities that simplify the setup of complex trigger events and ensure that you focus on solving test problems without having to spend time adjusting the logic analyzer trigger settings. The library contains a number of easy-to-learn trigger settings that can be used as trigger starting points that usually need to be modified. The need for special triggering capabilities is only part of the problem. In addition to being triggered directly by an error event, the user also wants to observe the signal from the past period to find out the root cause of the error and its relationship before and after. Fine triggering and deep memory increase the ability to trigger ahead.
LA-4000, 5000 Series Logic Analyzers provide users with high quality, high performance and cost-effective products. They completely replace the performance of desktop logic analyzers that are purchased at a great price. They have a high sampling clock and are extremely high. Data storage depth, complex triggering conditions, high reliability and quality. Because our logic analyzer is based on PC, with the powerful functions of the computer's Windows operating system, complex calculations can be quickly completed in real time, and many functional computers are already available, such as monitors, CPUs, keyboards, and disk drives. Therefore, users do not need to spend a lot of money to buy expensive desktop logic analyzers.
Second, the choice of logic analyzer (PC-based logic analyzer)
If the digital circuit fails, we generally prefer to consider using a logic analyzer to check the integrity of the digital circuit. It is not difficult to find faults; but in other cases do you consider using a logic analyzer? For example, the first point is how to observe whether the test system is actually executing according to our designed program when executing our pre-programmed program. If we write (MOVA, B) to the system and the system is implemented (ADDA, B), what kind of consequences will it cause? The second point: how to really monitor the actual working state of the software system, instead of using DEBUG and other methods to set breakpoints, to view certain preset variables or data in memory is the value we want in advance. Here we have third, fourth, and many more issues to be solved.
Usually we divide the digital system into hardware and software. When we design and develop these systems, we have a lot of things to do, such as the preliminary design of the hardware circuit, the development and preliminary programming of the software, the debugging of the hardware circuit, and the debugging of the software. As well as the final system's stereotypes, etc., almost every step in these tasks requires the help of a logic analyzer, but in view of the different economic strengths and personnel conditions of each unit, and in the use of many systems, it is not necessary to Each of the above parts is performed once, so we divide the use of the logic analyzer into the following levels:
The first level: as long as you look at some common faults of the hardware system, such as the waveform of the clock signal and other signals, whether there is a fault that seriously affects the system's glitch signal;
The second level: It is necessary to analyze the timing of each signal of the hardware system well so as to make the best use of system resources and eliminate some of the failures that can be analyzed by the timing analysis;
The third level: to analyze the hardware implementation of the software to ensure that the written program is completely executed by the hardware system;
The fourth level: It is necessary to monitor the execution of the software in real time and debug the software in real time.
The fifth level: The need to conduct systematic anatomy analysis of the existing customer system software and hardware, to achieve our full understanding and mastery of the existing client system software and hardware systems.
For the above several levels of requirements, we can see that they do not all require very high-end logic analyzers. For the first-level users, they even use a better oscilloscope to solve problems. The above several levels of use, in the choice of instruments can choose the appropriate instrument. In fact there are several levels of logic analyzers, they have:
1, Ordinary 2 to 4 channels of digital memory, such as TDS3000 series (plus TDS3TRG advanced trigger module), use some of its advanced triggering functions (such as pulse width trigger, runt pulse trigger, a certain sum between each channel, The trigger of OR, OR and XOR can find the signal we want to see, find and eliminate some faults, and the function of the oscilloscope can also be used as other. Here we only use the additional function of an oscilloscope. It can be said that this method is the most economical way.
2, when the oscilloscope channel is not enough, you can also use a number of multi-channel timing analysis instrument with a simple timing analysis, such as the early logic analyzer and the mixed signal oscilloscope now on the market, such as CLOCK's DSO25216 Oscilloscope + logic analyzer.
3, LA-4000, 5000 series of logic analyzers to provide users with high-quality, high-performance, cost-effective products, completely replace the need to spend a lot of money to buy the performance of the desktop logic analyzer, it has a high sampling clock, ultra High data storage depth, complex triggering conditions, high reliability and quality. Because our logic analyzer is PC-based, many functional computers are already available, such as monitors, CPUs, keyboards, and disk drives. Therefore, users do not need to spend a lot of money to buy expensive desktop logic analyzers. This type of product is based on logic analyzers sold by Deyang.
4. Sampling rate, triggering function and analysis function are very powerful non-expandable fixed machine. Example LA4000, 5000 series.
5. The modular plug-in type machine with better functions and more expandability; for different users, different grades of instruments can be selected according to their needs.
Third, the choice of logic analyzer (PC-based logic analyzer)
Some technical indicators of the logic analyzer:
1. Logic Analyzer Channel Number: Where a logic analyzer is required, a system must be fully analyzed. All signals that should be observed should be introduced into the logic analyzer. The number of logic analyzer channels should be at least Yes: The length of the system under test (number of digital buses) + number of control buses of the system under test + number of clock lines. This requires at least 68 channels for a 16-bit system. Now several manufacturers' mainstream products have more than 160 channels. For example, Beijing Deyang Company LA55160 and so on.
2, the timing sampling rate: In the timing sampling analysis, to have sufficient timing resolution, it should be high enough timing to analyze the sampling rate, we should know that not only high-speed systems need high sampling rate (see the following table) The current mainstream product sampling rate is as high as 500MHz/s. At this rate, we can see the details at 0.1ps time.
The following is a list of the operating frequency and setup/hold time of some very common chips. We can see that even if their operating frequency is low, the required resolution in Timing is very high.
3. State analysis rate: In the state analysis, the logic analyzer sampling reference clock uses the working clock of the test object (the logic analyzer's external clock). The highest rate of this clock is the logic analyzer's high state analysis rate. That is, the logic analyzer can analyze the fastest operating frequency of the system. Today's mainstream products have a timing analysis rate of 100MHz and can be as high as 300MHz or even higher.
4. Logic analyzer's memory length per channel: The logic analyzer's memory is used to store the data it samples for comparison, analysis, and conversion (for example, converting the captured signal to a non-binary signal. Assembly, C, C++, etc., etc., when selecting the length of the memory, are benchmarks that are "greater than the maximum block size that our upcoming system can perform after maximum segmentation."
5, logic analyzer probe: logic analyzer through the probe and the device under test is connected, the probe plays the role of the signal interface, occupies an important position in maintaining signal integrity. Unlike logic analyzers and digital oscilloscopes, although the relative amplitude changes of the upper and lower limits are not important, the amplitude distortions will be converted into timing errors. The logic analyzer has tens to hundreds of channels of probes whose frequency response is from tens to hundreds of MHz, ensuring that the relative delay of the probes is the smallest and the distortion of the hold amplitude is low. This is a key parameter that characterizes the performance of the logic analyzer probe. Agilent passive probes and Tektronix active probes are the most representative and are high-grade probes for logic analyzers.
The strength of a logic analyzer is its ability to provide insight into the timing relationships of signals in many channels. Unfortunately, if there is a slight difference between the channels, there will be a timing offset of the channel. In some types of logic analyzers, this deviation can be minimized, but there are still residual values. Universal logic analyzers, such as Tektronix's TLA600 or Agilent's HP16600, have a time offset of approximately 1 ns in all channels. Therefore, the probe is very important. For more details, please refer to the “Test Accessories and Connecting Probes†section of this site.
a) The resistive load of the probe, that is, the magnitude of the shunt effect on the system current in the probe's access system. In a digital system, the system's current load capacity is generally more than several KΩ, and the effect of the shunt effect on the system is generally It can be ignored that the impedance of several popular long logic analyzer probes is generally between 20 and 200KΩ.
b) Capacitive load of the probe: The capacitive load is the equivalent capacitance of the probe when the probe is connected to the system. This value is generally between 1 and 30 PF. In the current high-speed system, the capacitive load has a great impact on the circuit. For resistive loads, if this value is too large, it will directly affect the shape of the signal along the entire system to change the nature of the entire circuit, change the real-time nature of the logic analyzer observation of the system, leading to what we see is not the system Original features.
c) The ease of use of the probe: It refers to the degree of difficulty when the probe is connected to the system. As the density of the chip package becomes higher and higher, various packages such as BGA, QFP, TQFP, PLCC, and SOP appear. The IC's minimum pitch has reached less than 0.3mm, and it is very difficult to get the signal out, especially in the BGA package. The size of the discrete device is also getting smaller and smaller, typically 0.5mm×0.8mm .
d) Compatibility with the debug portion of the existing board.
6, the system's openness: With the increasing demand for data sharing, we use the system's openness is more and more important, and now the logic analyzer's operating system has also evolved from the past dedicated system to use Windows Interface, so that we are very convenient to use.
Summary If you have digital logic signals in your work, you have the opportunity to use a logic analyzer. Therefore, a logic analyzer should be selected to meet the functions used and not to exceed the required functions. Most of the users will find an easy-to-operate instrument. There are fewer operational steps in function control, and there are not many types of menus, and they are not too complicated.
On the other hand, if you need to use the fastest and most powerful logic analyzers, there are ready-made solutions. This novel instrument has almost no channel-to-channel delays and probe load effects. If you have a slight omission, you may have to spend tens of thousands of dollars in tuition to gain experience.
Really capturing the signal is the first important thing. When you know that the data being captured is useful data, you rely on the development of logic analyzer capabilities.
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First, the development of the logic analyzer has been developed into a microprocessor since the early 1970s. Four- and eight-bit buses have appeared. The dual-channel input of traditional oscilloscopes cannot meet the observation of 8-bit bytes. Testing of microprocessors and memories requires different time and frequency domain instruments. Several domain test instruments came into being. After HP introduced the state analyzer and Biometric's introduction of a timing analyzer (which was initially very different), users began to accept this digital domain test instrument as a means to finally solve the digital circuit test, and soon the state analyzer and timing analyzer Merge into a logic analyzer.